Quarta parte / Que medidas tomámos

4.17 O Futuro É Elétrico?

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Todas as fontes online foram acedidas no dia

  1. Estima-se que, a nível mundial, a atividade total do sector dos transportes aumente para o dobro International Transport Forum, ‘Executive Summary’, ITF Transport Outlook 2021 , 17 de Maio de 2021, https://www.itf-oecd.org/itf-transport-outlook-2021.

    não será possível atingir os objetivos de descarbonização do Acordo de Paris Ibid.

    Automóveis, carrinhas e autocarros costumam manter-se em
    funcionamento
     Keith, D. R., et al., ‘Vehicle fleet turnover and the future of fuel economy’, Environmental Research Letters, 14 (2), 2019: Article 021001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf4d2.

    decréscimo das emissões de CO2 oriundas dos automóveis de “apenas” 14% Agência Internacional de Energia, ‘Transport sector CO2 emissions by mode in the sustainable development scenario, 2000–2030’, 5 de Janeiro de 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/transport-sector-co2-emissions-by-mode-in-the-sustainable-development-scenario-2000-2030.

  2. o aumento do peso e da potência dos veículos… reduzir a taxa de melhorias de eficácia no sector automóvel Agência Internacional de Energia, Vehicle Fuel Economy in Major Markets 2005–2019, Global Fuel Economy Initiative working paper, de Novembro de 2021, https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/data-and-research/publications/gfei-working-paper-22.

    45% da totalidade das vendas mundiais no segmento dos utilitários ‘In 2021, SUVs accounted for more than 45% of global car sales – setting a new record in terms of both volume and market share.’ (Source: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/global-suv-sales-set-another-record-in-2021-setting-back-efforts-to-reduce-emissions)

    o que impediu até 40% das melhorias possíveis na economia dos
    combustíveis     Global Fuel Economy Initiative, ‘Vehicle efficiency improvements vastly insufficient to achieve Paris goals says new GFEI report in urgent call for policy action’, 4 de Novembro de 2021, https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/blog/2021/november/vehicle-efficiency-improvements-vastly-insufficient-to-achieve-paris-goals-says-new-gfei-report-in-urgent-call-for-policy-action.

    uma queda de emissões de carbono em 2020 em todas as categorias
    e tipos de automóveis, exceto os SUV     Cozzi, L., and Petropoulos, A., ‘Carbon emissions fell across all sectors in 2020 except for one – SUVs – analysis’, Agência Internacional de Energia, 15 de Janeiro de 2021, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/carbon-emissions-fell-across-all-sectors-in-2020-except-for-one-suvs.

    Os Estados Unidos… créditos de emissões United States Environment and Protection Agency, ‘Highlights of the automotive trends report’, 19 de Novembro de 2019, https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report.

    automóveis híbridos plug-in… cerca de um terço da venda global de utilitários SUV ‘plug-in hybrid electric cars made up about a fifth of global EV sales in 2021’ https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/electric-car-registrations-and-sales-share-in-china-united-states-europe-and-other-regions-2016-2021, based on data underpinning the Figure ‘Electric car registrations and sales share in China, United States, Europe and other regions, 2016-2021’.

    Um dos métodos mais rápidos, fáceis e eficazes Boyle, D. et al., Smoking out the Climate: Lessons from the Advertising Ban on Tobacco for Tackling the Climate Emergency, Badvertising, de Augosto de 2020, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ebd0080238e863d04911b51/t/5f1fe08099156872c6ca1e59/1595924618033/Smoking+Out+The+Climate+FINAL.pdf.

    podia reduzir progressivamente… cerca de 100 milhões de toneladas de Gross, R., et al., Review of Energy Policy, United Kingdom Energy Research Centre, de Dezembro de 2020, https://ukerc.ac.uk/publications/review-of-energy-policy-2020/.

    o aumento do número de indivíduos obrigados a deslocarem-se num automóvel Mattioli, G., ‘Transport poverty and car dependence: a European perspective’, in Pereira, R. H. M., and Boisjoly, G., eds., Advances in Transport Policy and Planning: Social Issues in Transport Planning (London: Academic Press, 2021), 101–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.atpp.2021.06.004.

  3. Impor um limite de 130 km/h… nas autoestradas Umweltbundesamt, ‘Speed limits on motorways clearly cut down CO2 emissions’, 18 de Março de 2020, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/press/pressinformation/speed-limits-on-motorways-clearly-cut-down-co2.

    É mais carbono do que a totalidade das emissões anuais do conjunto dos sessenta países menos emissores Global Carbon Atlas, ‘CO2 emissions’, 2018, www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions.

    Baixar o limite de velocidade para os 100 km/h Umweltbundesamt, ‘Speed limits on motorways clearly cut down CO2 emissions’.

    59% das viagens de automóvel são deslocações de menos de 8 quilómetros Department for Transport, ‘National travel survey: 2020’, 22 de Setembro de 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-travel-survey-2020/national-travel-survey-2020.

    Andar a pé ou de bicicleta, elétrica ou não… pode reduzir as emissões Brand, C., et al., ‘The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities’, Global Environmental Change, 67, 2021: Article 102224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224.

    novas formas de micromobilidade elétrica mais leves Ebenezer, N., et al., Electromobility in the Global South: An Equitable Transition toward Road Passenger Transport Decarbonization, Sustainable Mobility for All Partnership and Climate Compatible Growth Programme, https://www.sum4all.org/data/files/electromobility_in_the_global_south_an_equitable_transition_toward_road_passenger_transport_decarbonization.pdf.

    os autocarros têm-se revelado… transição para tecnologia de baterias Facts & Factors, ‘Global electric bus market share grow at 25% CAGR, to exceed 600 thousand units sales by 2026, according to Facts & Factors’, GlobeNewswire, 25 de Junho de 2021, https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/06/25/2253218/0/en/Global-Electric-Bus-Market-Share-Grow-at-25-CAGR-to-Exceed-600-Thousand-Units-Sales-by-2026-According-to-Facts-Factors.html.

  4. um aumento de viagens em relação aos… utilizadores de bicicleta Figg, H., ‘Free passenger transport – exploring the benefits and disadvantages’, Eltis, 2 de Junho de 2021, https://www.eltis.org/resources/case-studies/free-passenger-transport-exploring-benefits-and-disadvantages.

    políticas de restrição rodoviária foram essenciais para a Holanda Bruno, M., et al., ‘Mobility protests in the Netherlands of the 1970s: activism, innovation, and transitions’, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 40, 2021: 521–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2021.10.001.

    as emissões de carbono per capita oriundas do transporte individual nos Países Baixos Calculation of average per capita carbon emissions based on data from European Environment Agency, ‘EEA greenhouse gases: data viewer’, https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/data-viewers/greenhouse-gases-viewer.

    a quilometragem total de cada carro terá de diminuir. Hopkinson, L., et al., ‘Radical transport policy two-pager #10. The last chance saloon: we need to cut car mileage by at least 20 per cent’, Transport for Quality of Life, de Dezembro de 2021, https://www.transportforqualityoflife.com/u/files/211214 per cent20The per cent20last per cent20chance per cent20saloon per cent20to per cent20cut per cent20car per cent20mileage.pdf.

    políticas… para criar “bairros de quinze ou vinte minutos” Pozoukidou, G., and Chatziyiannaki, Z., ‘15-minute city: decomposing the new urban planning eutopia’, Sustainability, 13 (2), 2021: Article 928, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020928.

    a pandemia da Covid-19 acelerou as tendências de preferência de reuniões por videoconferência Skiles, M., et al., ‘Conference demographics and footprint changed by virtual platforms’, Nature Sustainability, 5 (2), 2022: 149–56, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00823-2.

  5. apenas 11% da população… é responsável por quase 44% da quilometragem total dos automóveis Cass, N., et al., Curbing Excess: High Energy Consumption and the Fair Energy Transition, Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions, de Fevereiro de 2020, https://www.creds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/CREDS-curbing-excess-Feb2022.pdf.

    Cerca de 80%… nunca viajou de avião Hopkinson, L., and Cairns, S., Elite Status: Global Inequalities in Flying, Possible, de Março de 2021, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d30896202a18c0001b49180/t/605a0951f9b7543b55bb003b/1616513362894/Elite+Status+Global+inequalities+in+flying.pdf.