Segunda parte / Como o planeta está a mudar

2.17 A Amazónia

, e

Todas as fontes online foram acedidas no dia

  1. 16% do dióxido de carbono retirado Beer, C., et al., ‘Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate’, Science, 329 (5993), 2010: 834–8, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984; Bullock, E. L., et al., ‘Satellite‐based estimates reveal widespread forest degradation in the Amazon’, Global Change Biology, 26 (5), 2020: 2956–69, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15029.

    ajudando a armazenar 150 a 200 mil milhões de toneladas de carbono Saatchi, S. S., et al., ‘Distribution of above-ground live biomass in the Amazon basin’, Global Change Biology, 13 (4), 2007: 816–37, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01323.x; Malhi, Y., et al., ‘Comprehensive assessment of carbon productivity, allocation and storage in three Amazonian forests’, Global Change Biology, 15 (5), 2009: 1255–74, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01780.x; Oliveira Marques, J. D. de, et al., ‘Soil carbon stocks under Amazonian forest: distribution in the soil fractions and vulnerability to emission’, Open Journal of Forestry, 7 (2), 2017: 121–42, doi: 10.4236/ojf.2017.72008.

    A temperatura na região aumentou, em média, 1,02°C Gatti, L. V., et al., ‘Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change’, Nature, 595 (7867), 2021: 388–93, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6.

    2019-2020 foi o segundo ano mais quente desde 1960 Marengo, J. A., et al., ‘Changes in climate and land use over the Amazon region: current and future variability and trends’, Frontiers in Earth Science, 6, 2018: Article 228, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00228; Nobre, C. A., and Borma, L. D. S., ‘“Tipping points” for the Amazon forest’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1 (1), 2009: 28–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.003.

    A variabilidade climática também aumentou… períodos de seca e das ondas de calor Nobre, C. A., et al., ‘Land-use and climate change risks in the Amazon and the need of a novel sustainable development paradigm’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113 (39), 2016: 10759–68, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605516113; Marengo et al., ‘Changes in climate and land use over the Amazon region: current and future variability and trends’; Nobre and Borma, ‘“Tipping points” for the Amazon forest’.

    a concentração atual é de 414 ppm Global Monitoring Laboratory, ‘Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide’, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2021, https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/global.html; Ellwanger, J. H., et al., ‘Beyond diversity loss and climate change: impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health’, Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 92, 2020: Article 20191375, https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020191375.

  2. mais de 150 dias… acima de 35°C por ano Painel Intergovernamental sobre as Alterações Climáticas, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Painel Intergovernamental sobre as Alterações Climáticas, ed. V. Masson-Delmotte et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, no prelo), doi: 10.1017/9781009157896.001.

    intimamente ligado à construção de estradas National Institute of Space Research, TerraBrasilis, http://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/app/map/deforestation; Beer et al., ‘Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate’; Bullock et al., ‘Satellite‐based estimates reveal widespread forest degradation in the Amazon’.

    uma redução de pluviosidade da ordem dos 40% Nobre et al., ‘Land-use and climate change risks’; Leite-Filho, A. T., et al., ‘Effects of deforestation on the onset of the rainy season and the duration of dry spells in Southern Amazonia’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 2019: 5268–81, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029537.

    um acréscimo ainda mais grave da mortalidade das árvores e das emissões de carbono Malhi et al., ‘Comprehensive assessment of carbon productivity, allocation and storage in three Amazonian forests’.

    causou a morte de 2,5 mil milhões de árvores Science Panel for the Amazon, Executive Summary of the Amazon Assessment Report 2021, ed. C. Nobre et al., United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2001, https://www.theamazonwewant.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/220717-SPA-Executive-Summary-2021-EN.pdf.

    proliferação de gramíneas e plantas lenhosas Nobre, C. A., et al., ‘Amazonian deforestation and regional climate change’, Journal of Climate, 4 (10), 1991: 957–88, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0957:ADARCC>2.0.CO;2.

    altered seasonal leaf flushing Camargo, M. G. G. de, et al., ‘Leafing patterns and leaf exchange strategies of a cerrado woody community’, Biotropica, 50 (3), 2018: 442–54, https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12552; Cammelli, F., et al., ‘Smallholders’ perceptions of fire in the Brazilian Amazon: exploring implications for governance arrangements’, Human Ecology, 47 (4), 2019: 601–12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-019-00096-6.

    novas estratégias de regeneração pós-fogo Pilon, N. A. L., et al., ‘The diversity of post-fire regeneration strategies in the cerrado ground layer’, Journal of Ecology, 109 (1), 2021: 154–66, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13456.

    quando a desflorestação afetar 40% Nobre et al., ‘Land-use and climate change risks’; Sampaio, G., et al., ‘Regional climate change over eastern Amazonia caused by pasture and soybean cropland expansion’, Geophysical Research Letters, 34 (17), 2007: Article L17709, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030612.

    até 60% da floresta amazónica venha a desaparecer até 2050 Nobre et al., ‘Land-use and climate change risks’.

  3. uma “barreira verde” para nos proteger da propagação de doenças infecciosas Global Monitoring Laboratory, ‘Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide’; Ellwanger et al., ‘Beyond diversity loss and climate change’; Flores, B. M., and Levis, C., ‘Human-food feedback in tropical forests’, Science, 372 (6547), 2021: 1146–7, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh1806;
    Sokolow, S. H., Nova, N., Pepin, K. M., Peel, A. J., Pulliam, J. R. C., Manlove, K., Cross, P. C., Becker, D. J., Plowright, R. K., McCallum, H., & de Leo, G. A. (2019), ‘Ecological interventions to prevent and manage zoonotic pathogen spillover’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 374(1782). https://doi.org/10.1098/RSTB.2018.0342

    impactos devastadores na biodiversidade Laurindo, R. S., et al., ‘The effects of habitat loss on bat-fruit networks’, Biodiversity and Conservation, 28 (3), 2019: 589–601, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1676-x.

    sobretudo em áreas desflorestadas Leite-Filho et al., ‘Effects of deforestation’.

    um aumento da temperatura de 2 a 3°C Gatti et al., ‘Amazonia as a carbon source’.

    uma redução acentuada da evapotranspiração Barkhordarian, A., et al., ‘A recent systematic increase in vapor pressure deficit over tropical South America’, Science Reports, 9, 2019: Article 15331, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51857-8.

    emit more carbon than they were storing Gatti et al., ‘Amazonia as a carbon source’.

    deixará de ser um sorvedouro para se tornar uma fonte de carbono Ibid.

    transformar-se numa savana degradada Nobre et al., ‘Land-use and climate change risks’.

    representando uma ameaça mortal direta Alves de Oliveira, B. F., et al., ‘Deforestation and climate change are projected to increase heat stress risk in the Brazilian Amazon’, Communications Earth and Environment, 2, 2021: Article 207, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00275-8.