Quinta parte / O que urge fazer

5.2 Ação Individual, Transformação Social

e

Todas as fontes online foram acedidas no dia

  1. Mesmo que uma pessoa faça tudo o que puder Ivanova, D., et al., ‘Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options’, Environmental Research Letters, 15 (9), 2020: Article 093001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589.

    a ação climática é transversal aos papéis que desempenhamos Whitmarsh, L., et al., ‘Behaviour change to address climate change’, Current Opinion in Psychology, 42, 2021: 76–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.04.002.

    também os outros são influenciados por nós Nolan, J. M., et al., ‘Normative social influence is underdetected’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (7), 2008: 913–23, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167208316691.

    o grau até onde as pessoas fazem escolhas positivas de uma perspetiva ambiental Abrahamse, W., and Steg, L., ‘Social influence approaches to encourage resource conservation: a meta-analysis’, Global Environmental Change, 23 (6), 2013: 1773–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.029.

  2. contágio social ou comportamental Newell, P., et al., ‘Scaling behaviour change for a 1.5-degree world: challenges and opportunities’, Global Sustainability, 4, 2021: Article e22, https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2021.23.

    a instalação de painéis solares numa habitação pode ter um efeito mensurável Graziano, M., and Gillingham, K., ‘Spatial patterns of solar photovoltaic system adoption: the influence of neighbors and the built environment’, Journal of Economic Geography, 15 (4), 2015: 815–39, https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu036.

    o crescimento na escolha de bicicletas, scooters e veículos elétricos Seebauer, S., ‘Why early adopters engage in interpersonal diffusion of technological innovations: an empirical study on electric bicycles and electric scooters’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 78, 2015: 146–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.017; Figenbaum, E., ‘Perspectives on Norway’s supercharged electric vehicle policy’, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 25, 2017: 14–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2016.11.002.

    tem começado a formular novas normas sociais Becken, S., et al., ‘Climate crisis and flying: social media analysis traces the rise of “flightshame”’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29 (9), 2021: 1450–69, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1851699; Gössling, S., et al., ‘Does “flight shame” affect social norms? Changing perspectives on the desirability of air travel in Germany’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 266, 2020: Article 122015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122015.

    o número de passageiros de voos domésticos decaiu 9% Berton, E., ‘Flight shaming hits air travel as “Greta effect” takes off’, Reuters, 2 de Outubro de 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-travel-flying-climate/flight-shaming-hits-air-travel-as-greta-effect-takes-off-idUSKBN1WH23G; Hervey-Bathurst, Isabella, ‘“Flygskam”: the very real impact of climate change on Swedish airlines’, Schrodes, 28 May 2019, https://www.schroders.com/en/insights/economics/flygskam-the-very-real-impact-of-climate-change-on-swedish-airlines/.

    A campanha Flight Free Flight Free UK, ‘Why flight free?’, https://flightfree.co.uk/why_flight_free/.

    O aumento do entusiasmo por dietas sobretudo vegetarianas Stewart, C., et al., ‘Trends in UK meat consumption: analysis of data from years 1–11 (2008–09 to 2018–19) of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme’, Lancet Planetary Health, 5 (10), 2021: Article, e699–e708, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00228-X.

    levou, por sua vez, os produtores a investirem Wood, Z., ‘World is shifting to a more plant-based diet, says Unilever chief’, Guardian, 4 de Fevereiro de 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/feb/04/world-is-shifting-to-a-more-plant-based-diet-says-unilever-chief.

    o potencial para favorecer mudanças futuras Garnett, E. E., et al., ‘Impact of increasing vegetarian availability on meal selection and sales in cafeterias’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 (42), 2019: 20923–9, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907207116.

    figuras públicas influentes… podem ter um efeito particularmente vincado Westlake, S., ‘Climate change: yes, your individual action does make a difference’, The Conversation, 11 de Abril de 2019, https://theconversation.com/climate-change-yes-your-individual-action-does-make-a-difference-115169; Nielsen, K. S., et al., ‘The role of high-socioeconomic-status people in locking in or rapidly reducing energy-driven greenhouse gas emissions’, Nature Energy, 6 (11), 2021: 1011–16, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00900-y.

    escolhas pessoais que transmitem uma mensagem de seriedade Attari, S. Z., et al., ‘Statements about climate researchers’ carbon footprints affect their credibility and the impact of their advice’, Climatic Change, 138 (1–2), 2016: 325–38, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1713-2.

    As pessoas mais ricas, que perfazem 10% da população global Capstick, S., et al., ‘Bridging the gap: the role of equitable low-carbon lifestyles’, in United Nations Environment Programme, Emissions Gap Report 2020, de Dezembro de 2020, 62–75, https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/34432; Chancel, L., ‘The richest 10% produce about half of greenhouse gas emissions. They should pay to fix the climate’, Guardian, 7 de Dezembro de 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/dec/07/we-cant-address-the-climate-crisis-unless-we-also-take-on-global-inequality.

  3. os seus recursos pessoais deixam-nas em melhor posição Nielsen et al., ‘The role of high-socioeconomic-status people’.

    participação em movimentos sociais De la Mare, T., ‘Concern about the climate at record highs among the UK public, poll finds’, Evening Standard, 10 de Novembro de 2021, https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/climate-change-poll-yougov-extinction-rebellion-cop26-b965448.html.

    influenciar a opinião pública mais ampla Bugden, D., ‘Does climate protest work? Partisanship, protest, and sentiment pools’, Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 6, 2020: 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2378023120925949.

    exercer pressão nos decisores Richardson, B. J., ed., From Student Strikes to the Extinction Rebellion: New Protest Movements Shaping Our Future (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020); Agnone, J., ‘Amplifying public opinion: the policy impact of the U.S. environmental movement’, Social Forces, 85 (4), 2007: 1593–1620, https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0059.

    e os cidadãos estão a exigir uma resposta governamental forte Howarth, C., et al., ‘Building a social mandate for climate action: lessons from COVID-19’, Environmental and Resource Economics, 76 (4), 2020: 1107–15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00446-9; Flynn, C., et al., People’s Climate Vote: Results, United Nations Development Programme and the University of Oxford, 26 de Janeiro de 2021, https://www.undp.org/publications/peoples-climate-vote; Steentjes, K., et al., ; Steentjes, K., et al., Public Perceptions of Climate Change and Policy Action in the UK, China, Sweden and Brazil, Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations briefing paper, de Novembro de 2021, https://cast.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/01112021-Briefing-10-final.pdf.

    pediu aos jovens alemães para “aumentarem a pressão” Entrevista com Angela Merkel on Deutsche Welle, 7 de Novembro de 2021, Deutsche Welle News, 7 de Novembro de 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMvoxx7XFuc.

    “temos mesmo de ser pressionados para fazer mais” Nicola Sturgeon fez esta observação durante uma sessão plenária da COP26 com a activista ugandesa Vanessa Nakate e o Campeão Britânica de Acção Climática, Nigel Topping: ‘Cop26: racing to a better world’, YouTube, 11 de Novembro de 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElSRo5A5d4E [from 37:00].

    parte da reformulação dos sistemas e culturas Amel, E., et al., ‘Beyond the roots of human inaction: fostering collective effort toward ecosystem conservation’, Science, 356 (6335), 2017: 275–9, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal1931.

    potenciam a possibilidade de efeitos de dominó Centola, D., et al., ‘Experimental evidence for tipping points in social convention’, Science, 360 (6393), 2018: 1116–19, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aas8827; Otto, I. M., et al., ‘Social tipping dynamics for stabilizing Earth’s climate by 2050’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117 (5), 2020: 2354–65, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900577117; Newell et al., ‘Scaling behaviour change for a 1.5-degree world’.

    a história mostra-nos como estas transições podem ser súbitas Rapid Transition Alliance, Is There Hope?, 1 de Novembro de 2021, https://www.rapidtransition.org/resources/a-pocket-book-of-hope/.

    Nada do que foi expresso… deva recair apenas nos cidadãos Akenji, L., ‘Consumer scapegoatism and limits to green consumerism’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 63, 2014: 13–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.022.

    cujos poderes são… amiúde restringidas Maniates, M. F., ‘Individualization: plant a tree, buy a bike, save the world?’, Global Environmental Politics, 1 (3), 2001: 31–52, https://doi.org/10.1162/152638001316881395.

    distorcido a ênfase na responsabilidade individual Lamb, W. F., et al., ‘Discourses of climate delay’, Global Sustainability, 3, 2020: Article e17, https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2020.13.

    a deliberate tactic which deserves to be discredited Supran, G., and Oreskes, N., ‘Rhetoric and frame analysis of ExxonMobil’s climate change communications’, One Earth, 4 (5), 2021: 696–719, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.014.

    Também é essencial que os governos assumam a liderança Akenji, L., et al., 1.5-Degree Lifestyles: Towards a Fair Consumption Space for All, Hot or Cool Institute, de Outubro de 2021, https://hotorcool.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Hot_or_Cool_1_5_lifestyles_FULL_REPORT_AND_ANNEX_B.pdf.