Quarta parte / Que medidas tomámos

4.9 As Tecnologias de Remoção

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  1. as emissões anuais globais de dióxido de carbono fóssil aumentaram 60% Friedlingstein, P., et al., ‘Global carbon budget 2021’, Earth System Science Data, 14 (4), 2022: 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022; Jackson, R. B., et al., ‘Persistent fossil fuel growth threatens the Paris Agreement and planetary health’,Environmental Research Letters, 14 (12), 2019: Article 121001, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab57b3.

    se conseguíssemos manter as emissões globais cumulativas abaixo de 750 mil milhões de toneladas Fuss, S., et al., ‘Moving toward net-zero emissions requires new alliances for carbon dioxide removal’, One Earth, 3 (2), 2020: 145–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.002.

  2. existem apenas cerca de trinta centrais de captação e armazenamento de carbono (CAC) Vinte e sete centrais em funcionamento em 2021, e mais quatro em construção: Turan, G., et al., Global Status of CCS 2021: CCS Accelerating to Net Zero, Global CCS Institute, 2021, https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/resources/global-status-report/.

    Se todas essas centrais que utilizam combustíveis fósseis funcionarem até ao fim do seu tempo de vida Tong, D., et al., ‘Committed emissions from existing energy infrastructure jeopardize 1.5°C climate target’, Nature, 572 (7769), 2019: 373–77, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1364-3.

    Atividades agrícolas como a lavoura Sanderman, J., et al., ‘Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (36), 2017: 9575–80, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706103114.

    um terço da mitigação climática necessária até 2030 Griscom, B. W., et al., ‘Natural climate solutions’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (44), 2017: 11645–50, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

    35 a 40 milhares de milhões de toneladas de poluição provocada todos os anos pelo carbono fóssil Friedlingstein, P., et al., ‘Global carbon budget 2020’, Earth Systems Science Data, 12 (4), 2020: 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020

  3. Plantas, rochas e químicos industriais podem ser usados para remover CO2 Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, Greenhouse Gas Removal, de Setembro de 2018, https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/greenhouse-gas-removal/royal-society-greenhouse-gas-removal-report-2018.pdf.

    De todas as tecnologias… de emissões negativas, a BECCS é National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2019), https://doi.org/10.17226/25259.

    Em 2019, estas fábricas estavam a remover cerca de 1,5 milhões de FPara uma lista das BECCS em funcionamento em 2019, ver Consoli, C., Bioenergy and Carbon Capture and Storage: 2019 Perspective, Global CCS Institute, 2019, https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/BECCS-Perspective_FINAL_18-de Março de.pdf.

    cerca de 3,5 a 5,2 milhares de milhões de toneladas de dióxido de carbono removido por ano National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration.

    Outra tecnologia de remoção é a aceleração do desgaste Beerling, D. J., et al., ‘Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands’, Nature, 583 (7815), 2020: 242–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2448-9.

  4. O intervalo de custo atual da captura direta do ar Lebling, K., et al., ‘Six things to know about direct air capture’, World Resources Institute, 2022, https://www.wri.org/insights/direct-air-capture-resource-considerations-and-costs-carbon-removal.

    Mais de metade das emissões globais de metano Saunois, M., et al., ‘The global methane budget 2000–2017’, Earth System Science Data, 12 (3), 2020: 1561–1623, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020; Jackson, R. B., et al., ‘Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources’, Environmental Research Letters, 15 (7), 2020: Article 071002, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2

    Se for exequível em grande escala, a remoção de metano… ultrapassar um determinado patamar Abernethy, S., et al., ‘Methane removal and the proportional reductions in surface temperature and ozone’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 379, 2021: 20210104, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0104.

  5. remoção de metano… é preciso haver muito mais investigação e investimento Jackson, R. B., et al., ‘Atmospheric methane removal: a research agenda’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 379 (2210), 2021: Article 20200454, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0454

    a economia global pode ter uma contração até 18% Guo, J., et al., The Economics of Climate Change: No Action Not an Option, Swiss Re Institute, de Abril de 2021, https://www.swissre.com/dam/jcr:e73ee7c3-7f83-4c17-a2b8-8ef23a8d3312/swiss-re-institute-expertise-publication-economics-of-climate-change.pdf.