Primeira parte / O modo de funcionamento do clima

1.4 Civilização e Extinção

Todas as fontes online foram acedidas no dia , and

  1. os seres humanos eram portadores de doenças tropicais Greenbaum, G., et al.,‘Disease transmission and introgression can explain the long-lasting contact zone of modern humans and Neanderthals’,Nature Communications, 10, 2019: Article 5003, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12862-7.

  2. “Vivemos num mundo zoologicamente empobrecido” Wallace, A. R., The Geographical Distribution of Animals with a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes of the Earth’s Surface (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1876), vol. 1, 150.

    “uma catástrofe ecológica geologicamente instantânea” Alroy, J., ‘A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction’, Science, 292 (5523), 2001: 1893–6, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059342.

  3. Um estudo recente publicado na revista Current Biology Valente, L., et al., ‘Deep macroevolutionary impact of humans on New Zealand’s unique avifauna’, Current Biology, 29 (15), 2019: 2563–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.058.

    “mais numerosas do que… as estrelas no firmamento” Parrish, E. E., The Oregon Trail Diary of Rev. Edward Evans Parrish in 1844: The Unabridged Diary, ed. B. Webber (Medford, OR: Webb Research Group, 1988).

    a captura de peixes marinhos aumentou sete vezes International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, ‘Great Acceleration’, 15 de Janeiro de 2015, www.igbp.net/globalchange/greatacceleration.4.1b8ae20512db692f2a680001630.html.

    “Por vezes, as diferenças quantitativas podem tornar-se” McNeill, J. R., Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-century World (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000), 4.

  4. a superfície agrícola era superior a 15 milhões de quilómetros quadrados Ibid., 213.

    “É certo que o nosso conhecimento acerca do modo como reagiram no passado” Coope, G. R., ‘The paleoclimatological significance of Late Cenozoic Coleoptera: familiar species in very unfamiliar circumstances’, in Culver, S. J., and Rawson, P. F., eds., Biotic Response to Global Climate Change: The Last 145 Million Years (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

    uma pesquisa em Bramble Cay Purtill, J., ‘An Australian rodent has become the first climate change mammal extinction’, ABC News, 20 de Fevereiro de 2019, https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/bramble-cay-melomys-first-climate-change-mammal-extinction/10830080.

  5. a cobertura de corais na Grande Barreira de Coral diminuiu para metade Dietzel, A., et al., ‘Long-term shifts in the colony size structure of coral populations along the Great Barrier Reef’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 287 (1936), 2020: Article 20201432,http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1432.

    ransformou-se em habitats dominados por algas e esponjas Cramer, K. L., et al., ‘Widespread loss of Caribbean acroporid corals was underway before coral bleaching and disease outbreaks’, Science Advances, 6 (17), 2020, Article eaax9395, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aax9395.

    “vulneráveis ao colapso do ecossistema” Obura, D., et al., ‘Vulnerability to collapse of coral reef ecosystems in the Western Indian Ocean’, Nature Sustainability, 5 (2), 2021: 104–13, https://doi:10.1038/s41893-021-00817-0.