Segunda parte / Como o planeta está a mudar

2.2 O Calor

Todas as fontes online foram acedidas no dia

  1. e provocou mais de 70 mil mortes prematuras Robine, J-M., et al., ‘Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003’, Comptes rendus biologies, 331 (2), 2008: 171–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001.

    duplicaram o risco de ocorrência dessas ondas de calor Stott, P., et al., ‘Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003’, Nature, 432 (7017), 2004: 610–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03089.

    aumentaram pelo menos cento e cinquenta vezes a probabilidade de ocorrência destas ondas de calor Philip, S. Y., et al., ‘Western North American extreme heat virtually impossible without human-caused climate change’, World Weather Attribution 7 de Julho de 2021, https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/western-north-american-extreme-heat-virtually-impossible-without-human-caused-climate-change/.

  2. Este sistema de alta presssão, também conhecido por cúpula de calor Berardelli, J., ‘What is a heat dome? Extreme temperatures in the Pacific Northwest, explained’, CBS News, 30 de Junho de 2021, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-is-heat-dome-extreme-temperatures-pacific-northwest/.

    As temperaturas extremamente elevadas já são mais comuns Painel Intergovernamental sobre as Alterações Climáticas, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Painel Intergovernamental sobre as Alterações Climáticas, ed. T. F. Stocker et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/.

    Uma criança nascida em 2020 Thiery, W., et al., ‘Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes’, Science, 374 (6564), 2021, 158–60, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi7339.

    por cada meio grau a mais de aquecimento global Painel Intergovernamental sobre as Alterações Climáticas, ‘Summary for policymakers’, in Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty, ed. V. Masson-Delmotte et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/.

    oito das dez ondas de calor marinhas mais extremas Smith, K. E., et al., ‘Socioeconomic impacts of marine heatwaves: global issues and opportunities’, Science, 374 (6566), 2021, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj3593.

    matam milhares de milhões de… outros animais marinhos Shivaram, D., ‘Heatwave killed an estimated 1 billion sea creatures, and scientists fear even worse’, NPR, 9 de Julho de 2021, https://www.npr.org/2021/07/09/1014564664/billion-sea-creatures-mussels-dead-canada-british-columbia-vancouver.

    pode levar à redução generalizada de populações Crowe, M., ‘Mass bird death event in Seattle attributed to record heat Monday’, King 5, 29 de Junho de 2021, https://wa.audubon.org/news/mortality-event-west-seattle-caspian-tern-colony.

    incêndios florestais, como os que ocorreram na Austrália em 2020 WWF Australia, ‘New WWF report: 3 billion animals impacted by Australia’s bushfire crisis’, 28 de Julho de 2020, https://www.wwf.org.au/news/news/2020/3-billion-animals-impacted-by-australia-bushfire-crisis.

    à extinção de um terço das espécies Thomas, C. D., et al., ‘Extinction risk from climate change’, Nature, 427 (6970), 2004: 145–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02121.

    doenças relacionadas com o calor e até de morte US Global Change Research Program, The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment, 2016, https://health2016.globalchange.gov.

    atingindo a nossa saúde mental American Psychiatric Association, ‘Extreme heat contributes to worsening mental health, especially among vulnerable populations’, 30 de Junho de 2021, https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/news-releases/extreme-heat-contributes-to-worsening-mental-health-especially-among-vulnerable-populations.

    o risco de violência interpessoal Anderson, C. A., ‘Temperature and aggression: ubiquitous effects of heat on the occurrence of human violence’, Psychological Bulletin, 106 (1), 1989: 74–96, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.74.

    instabilidade política National Intelligence Council, National Intelligence Estimate: Climate Change and International Responses Increasing Challenges to US National Security through 2040, de Outubro de 2021, https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/NIE_Climate_Change_and_National_Security.pdf.