Segunda parte / Como o planeta está a mudar

2.21O Calendário da Natureza

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  1. a área de repartição da espécie e a fenologia são indicadores… das alterações climáticas Parmesan, C., and Yohe, G., ‘A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems’, Nature, 421 (6198), 2003: 37–42, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01286; Root, T. L., et al., ‘Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants’, Nature, 421 (6198), 2003: 57–60, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01333; Walther, G. R., et al., ‘An ecological “footprint” of climate change’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 272 (1571), 2005: 1427–32, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3119.

    muitos casos de espécies que mudaram a sua área de repartição geográfic Lenoir, J., et al., ‘A significant upward shift in plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century’, Science, 320 (5884), 2008: 1768–71, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156831; Massimino, D., et al., ‘The geographical range of British birds expands during 15 years of warming’, Bird Study, 62 (4), 2015: 523–34, https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2015.1089835; Parmesan, C., et al., ‘Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming’, Nature, 399 (6736), 1999: 579–83, https://doi.org/10.1038/21181.

    alteraram a temporização dos seus fenómenos fenológicos Cotton, P. A., ‘Avian migration phenology and global climate change’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100 (21), 2003: 12219–22, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1930548100; Mazaris, A. D., et al., ‘Phenological response of sea turtles to environmental variation across a species’ northern range’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280 (1751), 2013: Article 20122397, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2397; Parmesan, C., ‘Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological response to global warming’, Global Change Biology, 13 (9), 2007: 1860–72, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01404.x.

    tentando acompanhar as temperaturas mais baixas à medida que o planeta aquecia Hughes, L., ‘Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?’, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15 (2), 2000: 56–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4; Scheffers, B. R., et al., ‘The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people’, Science, 354 (6313), 2016: Article aaf7671, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7671.

    o chapim-real antecipa até duas semanas a época de reprodução Cole, E. F., et al., ‘Spatial variation in avian phenological response to climate change linked to tree health’, Nature Climate Change, 11 (10), 2021: 872–8, , 11 (10), 2021: 872–8, , 11 (10), 2021: 872–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01140-4; Bauer, Z., et al., ‘Changing climate and the phenological response of great tit and collared flycatcher populations in floodplain forest ecosystems in central Europe’, International Journal of Biometeorology, 54 (1), 2010: 99–111, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0259-7; Samplonius, J. M., et al., ‘Phenological sensitivity to climate change is higher in resident than in migrant bird populations among European cavity breeders’, Global Change Biology, 24 (8), 2018: 3780–90, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14160.

    encolher a um ritmo de 87 mil quilómetros quadrados por ano Peng, X., et al., ‘A holistic assessment of 1979–2016 global cryospheric extent’, Earth’s Future, 9 (8), 2021: Article e2020EF001969, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001969.

    algumas espécies estejam… reduzindo o tamanho corporal Jirinec, V., et al., ‘Morphological consequences of climate change for resident birds in intact Amazonian rainforest’, Science Advances, 7 (46), 2021, Article eabk1743, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abk1743; Prokosch, J., et al., ‘Are animals shrinking due to climate change? Temperature-mediated selection on body mass in mountain wagtails’, Oecologia, 189 (3), 2019: 841–9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04368-2; Sheridan, J. A., and Bickford, D., ‘Shrinking body size as an ecological response to climate change’, Nature Climate Change, 1 (8), 2011: 401–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1259.

  2. a felosa-musical está a chegar mais cedo Samplonius et al., ‘Phenological sensitivity to climate change’; Samplonius, J. M., and Both, C., ‘Climate change may affect fatal competition between two bird species’, Current Biology, 29 (2), 2019: 327–331.e2, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.063.

    há biomas inteiros que a estão a mudar Scheffers et al., ‘The broad footprint of climate change’; Dobrowski, S. Z., et al., ‘Protected-area targets could be undermined by climate change-driven shifts in ecoregions and biomes’, Communications Earth and Environment, 2, 2021: Article 198, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00270-z.