Segunda Parte / Cómo Está Cambiando Nuestro Planeta

2.21 El calendario de la naturaleza

Todas las fuentes en línea se consultaron el

  1. Tanto el área de distribución como la fenología de las especies son indicadores del cambio climático Parmesan, C., y Yohe, G., ‘A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems’, Nature, 421 (6198), 2003: 37–42, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01286; Root, T. L., et al., ‘Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants’, Nature, 421 (6198), 2003: 57–60, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01333; Walther, G. R., et al., ‘An ecological “footprint” of climate change’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 272 (1571), 2005: 1427–32, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3119.

    muchos casos de especies que cambian su distribución geográfica Lenoir, J., et al., ‘A significant upward shift in plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century’, Science, 320 (5884), 2008: 1768–71, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156831; Massimino, D., et al., ‘The geographical range of British birds expands during 15 years of warming’, Bird Study, 62 (4), 2015: 523–34, https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2015.1089835; Parmesan, C., et al., ‘Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming’, Nature, 399 (6736), 1999: 579–83, https://doi.org/10.1038/21181.

    cambiar la programación de sus acontecimientos fenológicos Cotton, P. A., ‘Avian migration phenology and global climate change’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100 (21), 2003: 12219–22, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1930548100; Mazaris, A. D., et al., ‘Phenological response of sea turtles to environmental variation across a species’ northern range’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280 (1751), 2013: artículo 20122397, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2397; Parmesan, C., ‘Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological response to global warming’, Global Change Biology, 13 (9), 2007: 1860–72, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01404.x.

    en pos de condiciones más frías, mientras el planeta se calienta Hughes, L., ‘Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?’, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15 (2), 2000: 56–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4; Scheffers, B. R., et al., ‘The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people’, Science, 354 (6313), 2016: artículo aaf7671, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7671.

    el carbonero común está criando por toda Europa hasta con dos semanas de antelación Cole, E. F., et al., ‘Spatial variation in avian phenological response to climate change linked to tree health’, Nature Climate Change, 11 (10), 2021: 872–8, , 11 (10), 2021: 872–8, , 11 (10), 2021: 872–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01140-4; Bauer, Z., et al., ‘Changing climate and the phenological response of great tit and collared flycatcher populations in floodplain forest ecosystems in central Europe’, International Journal of Biometeorology, 54 (1), 2010: 99–111, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0259-7; Samplonius, J. M., et al., ‘Phenological sensitivity to climate change is higher in resident than in migrant bird populations among European cavity breeders’, Global Change Biology, 24 (8), 2018: 3780–90, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14160.

    se reduce en 87.000 kilómetros cuadrados al año Peng, X., et al., ‘A holistic assessment of 1979–2016 global cryospheric extent’, Earth’s Future, 9 (8), 2021: artículo e2020EF001969, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001969.

    algunas especies pueden estar […] reduciendo su tamaño Jirinec, V., et al., ‘Morphological consequences of climate change for resident birds in intact Amazonian rainforest’, Science Advances, 7 (46), 2021, artículo eabk1743, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abk1743; Prokosch, J., et al., ‘Are animals shrinking due to climate change? Temperature-mediated selection on body mass in mountain wagtails’, Oecologia, 189 (3), 2019: 841–9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04368-2; Sheridan, J. A., and Bickford, D., ‘Shrinking body size as an ecological response to climate change’, Nature Climate Change, 1 (8), 2011: 401–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1259.

  2. el papamoscas cerrojillo llega antes Samplonius et al., ‘Phenological sensitivity to climate change’; Samplonius, J. M., y Both, C., ‘Climate change may affect fatal competition between two bird species’, Current Biology, 29 (2), 2019: 327–331.e2, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.063.

    biomas enteros están desplazándose Scheffers et al., ‘The broad footprint of climate change’; Dobrowski, S. Z., et al., ‘Protected-area targets could be undermined by climate change-driven shifts in ecoregions and biomes’, Communications Earth and Environment, 2, 2021: artículo 198, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00270-z.