Part Four / What We’ve Done About It

4.14 Mapping Emissions in an Industrial World

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All online sources accessed on

  1. responsible for over 30 per cent of … emissions Fischedick, M., et al., ‘Industry’, in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. O. Edenhofer et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/.

    The largest share … comes from the production of iron and steel Serrenho, A. C., et al., ‘The influence of UK emissions reduction targets on the emissions of the global steel industry’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 107, 2016: 174–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.01.001.

    just three branches of heavy industry … contribute 70 per cent International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2020, September 2020), https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2020.

    In the production of cement, half of all the CO2 emitted Van Ruijven, B. J., et al., ‘Long-term model-based projections of energy use and CO2 emissions from the global steel and cement industries’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 112, 2016: 15–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.04.016.

    Territorial emissions … occur within a particular country A territorial emissions perspective does not account for international aviation and shipping emissions: Barrett, J., et al., ‘Consumption-based GHG emission accounting: a UK case study’, Climate Policy, 13 (4), 2013: 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2013.788858.

  2. these gains have been offset by rising demand Wang, P., et al., ‘Efficiency stagnation in global steel production urges joint supply- and demand-side mitigation efforts’, Nature Communications, 12, 2021: Article 2066, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22245-6.

    Demand is expected to at least double by 2050 Allwood, J. M., et al., ‘Options for achieving a 50% cut in industrial carbon emissions by 2050’, Environmental Science and Technology, 44 (6), 2010: 1888–94, https://doi.org/10.1021/es902909k.

    demand for steel and cement … economic activity Van Ruijven et al., ‘Long-term model-based projections of energy use and CO2 emissions’.

    61 per cent of the rise in China’s greenhouse gas emissions Minx, Jan C., et al., ‘A “carbonizing dragon”: China’s fast-growing CO2 emissions revisited’, Environmental Science and Technology, 45 (21) 2011: 9144–53, https://doi.org/10.1021/es201497m.

  3. by 2050 a fifth of global steel production … in India International Energy Agency, Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap: Towards More Sustainable Steelmaking, October 2020, https://www.iea.org/reports/iron-and-steel-technology-roadmap.

    37 per cent of the carbon we can emit … for steel production Wang et al., ‘Efficiency stagnation in global steel production’.

    This can involve designing products more efficiently Allwood, J. M., et al., Steel Arising: Opportunities for the UK in a Transforming Global Steel Industry, Use Less Group, University of Cambridge, April 2019, https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.40835.