Part Three / How it Affects Us

3.6 Antibiotic Resistance

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All online sources accessed on

  1. This is ‘survival of the fittest’ in action Lipsitch, M., and Samore, M. H., ‘Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance: a population perspective’, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8 (4), 2002: 347–54, https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0804.010312.

    billions of dollars in economic losses Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations, UK Government and Wellcome Trust, May 2016, https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf.

    correlations between higher ambient temperatures and … resistance in the bacteria MacFadden, D. R., et al., ‘Antibiotic resistance increases with local temperature’, Nature Climate Change, 8 (6), 2018: 510–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0161-6.

    the rate at which antibiotic resistance … correlated with climate McGough, S. F., et al., ‘Rates of increase of antibiotic resistance and ambient temperature in Europe: a cross-national analysis of 28 countries between 2000 and 2016’, Eurosurveillance, 25 (45), 2020: Article 1900414, https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.45.1900414.

  2. infections … shown to increase during warmer months Burnham, J. P., ‘Climate change and antibiotic resistance: a deadly combination’, herapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease, 8, 2021: Article 2049936121991374, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2049936121991374.

    NDM-1 typically resides in a mobile set of genes Walsh, T. R., et al., ‘Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study’, Lancet Infectious Diseases, 11 (5), 2011: 355–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70059-7.