{"id":979,"date":"2022-08-23T15:47:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-23T15:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/notas-finais\/o-modo-de-funcionamento-do-clima\/1-7-por-que-razao-nao-tomaram-medidas\/"},"modified":"2022-08-23T15:47:00","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T15:47:00","slug":"1-7-por-que-razao-nao-tomaram-medidas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/notas-finais\/o-modo-de-funcionamento-do-clima\/1-7-por-que-razao-nao-tomaram-medidas\/","title":{"rendered":"1.7 Por que Raz\u00e3o n\u00e3o Tomaram Medidas?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Naomi Oreskes<\/a><\/p>\n

Todas as fontes online foram acedidas no dia

    \n
  1. \n

    \ncampanhas desinforma\u00e7\u00e3o de empresas de combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis<\/q> Union of Concerned Scientists, Smoke, Mirrors and Hot Air: How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco\u2019s Tactics to \u2018Manufacture Uncertainty\u2019 on Climate Change<\/span><\/cite>, 2007, https:\/\/www.ucsusa.org\/resources\/smoke-mirrors-hot-air<\/a>; Oreskes, N., and Conway, E., Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming <\/span>(New York: Bloomsbury, 2010); Cook, J., et al<\/em>., America Misled: How the Fossil Fuel Industry Deliberately Misled Americans about Climate Change<\/span>, George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication, 2019, https:\/\/www.climatechangecommunication.org\/america-misled\/<\/a>; Mann, M. E., The New Climate War: The Fight to Take Back Our Planet <\/span>(New York: PublicAffairs, 2021).\n<\/p>\n

    \nna ExxonMobil, um colosso do sector<\/q> Banerjee, N., et al<\/em>., Exxon: The Road Not Taken<\/span><\/cite> (New York: Inside Climate News, 2015); Rust, S., \u2018Report details how Exxon Mobil and fossil fuel firms sowed seeds of doubt on climate change\u2019<\/cite>,LA Times<\/span>, 21 de Outubro de 2019, https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/environment\/story\/2019-10-21\/oil-companies-exxon-climate-change-denial-report<\/a>; Columbia Journalism School, \u2018Two-year-long investigation: what Exxon Knew about climate change\u2019<\/cite>, 2017, https:\/\/journalism.columbia.edu\/two-year-long-investigation-what-exxon-knew-about-climate-change<\/a>; On, J., and Balkin, A., ExxonKnew https:\/\/www.sej.org\/initiatives\/sifting-disinformation\/exxonsecretsorg<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nNa d\u00e9cada de 1990\u2026 a empresa come\u00e7ou a veicular<\/q> Supran, G., and Oreskes, N., \u2018Assessing ExxonMobil\u2019s climate change communications (1977\u20132014)\u2019<\/cite>, Environmental Research Letters<\/span>, 12 (8), 2017: Article 084019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa815f<\/a>; Supran, G., and Oreskes, N., \u2018Rhetoric and frame analysis of ExxonMobil\u2019s climate change communications\u2019<\/cite>, One Earth<\/span>, 4 (5), 2021: 696\u2013719, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.04.014<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nTamb\u00e9m desviaram as aten\u00e7\u00f5es do seu papel<\/q> Mitloehner, F., \u2018Big oil distracts from their carbon footprint by tricking you to focus on yours\u2019<\/cite>, CLEAR Center, 16 de Outubro de 2020, https:\/\/clear.ucdavis.edu\/blog\/big-oil-distracts-their-carbon-footprint-tricking-you-focus-yours<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    \norganiza\u00e7\u00f5es de fachada, como a Global Climate Coalition<\/q> Revkin, A. C., \u2018Industry\u2019s advisers on climate\u2019<\/cite>, New York Times<\/span>, 23 de Abril de 2009, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/04\/24\/science\/earth\/24deny.html<\/a>; Oreskes, N., \u2018My facts are better than your facts: spreading good news about global warming\u2019<\/cite>, in Howlett, P., and Morgan, MS., eds., How Well Do Facts Travel? The Dissemination of Reliable Knowledge <\/cite>(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 136\u201366.<\/p>\n

    \nEm 2006, a Royal Society do Reino Unido<\/q> Ward, R., carta a Nick Thomas (Director, Corporate Affairs, Esso), 4 de Setembro de 2006, https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/~\/media\/royal_society_content\/policy\/publications\/2006\/8257.pdf<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nParecia destinada ao sucesso, mas<\/q> Weiss, D. J., \u2018Anatomy of a Senate Climate Bill Death\u2019<\/cite>, Center for American Progress, 12 de Outubro de 2010, https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/article\/anatomy-of-a-senate-climate-bill-death\/<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nEntre 2000 e 2016\u2026 os grupos de interesse dos combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis<\/q> Brulle, R. J., \u2018Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of U.S. climate change counter-movement organizations\u2019<\/cite>, Climatic Change<\/span>, 122 (4), 2014: 681\u201394, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-013-1018-7<\/a>; Brulle, R. J., comunica\u00e7\u00e3o por e-mail pessoal com o autor, 14 de Outubro de 2021. Tanto no estudo como na correspond\u00eancia, \u201clobbying\u201d n\u00e3o \u00e9 caracterizado como pr\u00f3 ou anti-clima, mas parece seguro assumir que a maioria, se n\u00e3o todo o lobbying dos combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis, era contra a ac\u00e7\u00e3o clim\u00e1tica.<\/p>\n

    \nestimulados pelas aspira\u00e7\u00f5es de pessoas<\/q> Oreskes, N., \u2018Wishful thinking about natural gas\u2019<\/cite>, Le Monde diplomatique<\/span>, 1 august 2014, https:\/\/mondediplo.com\/openpage\/wishful-thinking-about-natural-gas<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nn\u00e3o poderia \u201carriscar-se a afastar e a demonizar eventuais parceiros\u201d<\/q> Bacow, L. S., \u2018A message from President Bacow on climate change\u2019<\/cite>, Harvard Office of the President, 21 de Abril de 2020, https:\/\/www.harvard.edu\/president\/news\/2020\/message-from-president-bacow-on-climate-change\/<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nmuitos destes \u201cparceiros\u201d tinham demonizado cientistas e ativistas clim\u00e1ticos<\/q> Harvard salientou tamb\u00e9m que alguns destes parceiros se tinham comprometido com a \u201cneutralidade de carbono\u201d. Mas esses compromissos referiam-se \u00e0s emiss\u00f5es das suas opera\u00e7\u00f5es, n\u00e3o aos combust\u00edveis que pretendiam continuar a vender nas d\u00e9cadas seguintes. Essas afirma\u00e7\u00f5es eram o mesmo que os fabricantes de tabaco prometerem que as suas f\u00e1bricas estariam livres de fumo enquanto continuavam a vender cigarros em todo o mundo. Por exemplo, em 2019, a ExxonMobil n\u00e3o<\/em> projectou redu\u00e7\u00f5es nas emiss\u00f5es de di\u00f3xido de carbono do sector energ\u00e9tico at\u00e9 2040, nem nenhuma data em que as emiss\u00f5es atingissem o zero l\u00edquido, implicando um aquecimento indefinido. ExxonMobil, Outlook for Energy: A Perspective to 2040<\/span>, 2019, https:\/\/corporate.exxonmobil.com\/-\/media\/Global\/Files\/outlook-for-energy\/2019-Outlook-for-Energy_v4.pdf.<\/a> See also Mulvey, K., et al<\/em>., \u2018Fossil fuel companies claim they\u2019re helping fight climate change. The reality is different\u2019<\/cite>, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists<\/span>, 17 de Dezembro de 2019, https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/2019\/12\/fossil-fuel-companies-claim-theyre-helping-fight-climate-change-the-reality-is-different\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    \nA maioria dos economistas reconhece agora as altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas como uma falha do mercado
    \n<\/q> Steffen, W., et al<\/em>., \u2018The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the Great Acceleration\u2019<\/cite>, Anthropocene Review<\/span>, 2 (1), 2015: 81\u201398,     https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053019614564785<\/a>; Stern, N., The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review <\/span>(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), https:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/ukgwa\/20100407172811\/https:\/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk\/stern_review_report.htm<\/a>; Benjamin, A., \u2018Stern: climate change a \u201cmarket failure\u201d\u2019<\/cite>, Guardian<\/span>, 29 de Novembro de 2007, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2007\/nov\/29\/climatechange.carbonemissions<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    \n\u00e9 invis\u00edvel \u201cporque n\u00e3o existe\u201d<\/q> Stiglitz, J., \u2018There is no invisible hand\u2019<\/cite>, Guardian<\/span>, 20 de Dezembro de 2002, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2002\/dec\/20\/highereducation.uk1<\/a>. Na realidade, Stiglitz disse que que a m\u00e3o \u201c\u00e9 invis\u00edvel, pelo menos em parte, porque n\u00e3o existe\u201d.\n<\/p>\n

    \n\u201cos produtos tecnol\u00f3gicos n\u00e3o s\u00e3o neutros\u201d<\/q> Papa Francisco, \u2018Carta enc\u00edclica Laudato si do Santo Papa Francisco sobre o cuidado da nossa casa comum\u2019<\/cite>, 24 de Maio de 2015, sec\u00e7\u00e3o 107, https:\/\/www.vatican.va\/content\/francesco\/en\/encyclicals\/documents\/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Naomi Oreskes Todas as fontes online foram acedidas no dia 14 de Outubro de 2021 campanhas desinforma\u00e7\u00e3o de empresas de combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis Union of Concerned Scientists, Smoke, Mirrors and Hot Air: How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco\u2019s Tactics to \u2018Manufacture Uncertainty\u2019 on Climate Change, 2007, https:\/\/www.ucsusa.org\/resources\/smoke-mirrors-hot-air; Oreskes, N., and Conway, E., Merchants of Doubt: How a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":973,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-essay.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-979","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/979","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=979"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/979\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/973"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=979"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}