{"id":1056,"date":"2022-09-18T12:12:53","date_gmt":"2022-09-18T12:12:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/notas-finais\/o-que-urge-fazer\/5-5-mudar-a-nossa-dieta\/"},"modified":"2022-09-18T12:12:53","modified_gmt":"2022-09-18T12:12:53","slug":"5-5-mudar-a-nossa-dieta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/notas-finais\/o-que-urge-fazer\/5-5-mudar-a-nossa-dieta\/","title":{"rendered":"5.5 Mudar a Nossa Dieta"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Gideon Eshel<\/a><\/p>\n

Todas as fontes online foram acedidas no dia

    \n
  1. \n

    \ndevido \u00e0 onda de calor abafado<\/q> National Centers for Environmental Information, \u2018de Novembro de 2021 National Climate Report\u2019<\/cite>, 2021, https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/access\/monitoring\/monthly-report\/national\/202111<\/a>; Cappucci, M., and Samenow, J., \u2018Fall on hold: forecasters predict long-lasting warm temperatures in eastern U.S.\u2019<\/cite>, Washington Post<\/span>, 6 de Outubro de 2021, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/weather\/2021\/10\/05\/warm-fall-weather-eastern-us\/<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \na concentra\u00e7\u00e3o atmosf\u00e9rica de CO2<\/sub> do planeta ser\u00e1\u2026 2-3 partes por milh\u00e3o mais elevada<\/q> Global Monitoring Laboratory, \u2018Archived data\u2019<\/cite>, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2021, https:\/\/gml.noaa.gov\/dv\/iadv\/graph.php?code=MLO&program=ccgg&type=ts<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \naquecimento da superf\u00edcie terrestre de 0,01\u00b0C a 0,04\u00b0C<\/q> Zelinka, M. D., et al<\/em>., \u2018Causes of higher climate sensitivity in CMIP6 models\u2019<\/cite>, Geophysical Research Letters<\/span>, 47 (1), 2020: Article e2019GL085782, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019GL085782<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \npouco menos de mil milh\u00f5es de quilogramas de azoto j\u00e1 ter\u00e3o\u2026 golfo do M\u00e9xico<\/q> Tian, H., et al<\/em>., \u2018Long-term trajectory of nitrogen loading and delivery from Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico,\u2019<\/cite>, Global Biogeochemical Cycles<\/span>, 34 (5), 2020: Article e2019GB006475, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019GB006475<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nprivar\u00e1 a \u00e1gua do mar de oxig\u00e9nio dissolvido<\/q> Gruber, N., and Galloway, J. N., \u2018An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle\u2019<\/cite>, Nature<\/span>, 451 (7176), 2008: 293\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06592<\/a>; Doering, O. C., et al<\/em>., Reactive Nitrogen in the United States: An Analysis of Inputs, Flows, Consequences and Management Options. A Report of the EPA Science Advisory Board<\/span><\/cite>, United States Environmental Protection Agency, de Agosto de 2011, https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100DD0K.txt<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \neste processo origina uma luta entre os agricultores da regi\u00e3o centro-oeste<\/q> Purcell, K. M., et al<\/em>., \u2018Fleet behavior is responsive to a large-scale environmental disturbance: hypoxia effects on the spatial dynamics of the northern Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery\u2019<\/cite>, PLOS One<\/span>, 12 (8), 2017: Article e0183032, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0183032<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nas terras de cultivo percam este solo ar\u00e1vel duas a cinco vezes mais depressa<\/q> Nearing, M. A., et al<\/em>., \u2018Natural and anthropogenic rates of soil erosion\u2019<\/cite>, International Soil and Water Conservation Research<\/span>, 5 (2), 2017: 77\u201384, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.iswcr.2017.04.001<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \ntotalidade de 1,9 mil milh\u00f5es de hectares de terreno de cultivo do
    \nplaneta<\/q> Phalke, A. R., et al<\/em>., \u2018Mapping croplands of Europe, Middle East, Russia, and Central Asia using Landsat, Random Forest, and Google Earth Engine\u2019<\/cite>, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing<\/span>, 167, 2020: 104\u201322,     https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.06.022<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \n10 a 20 bili\u00f5es de quilogramas de solo ar\u00e1vel<\/q> Montanarella, L., et al<\/em>., \u2018World\u2019s soils are under threat\u2019<\/cite>, SOIL<\/span>, 2 (1), 2016: 79\u201382, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/soil-2-79-2016<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nalgumas esp\u00e9cies animais, talvez dezenas ou mais, ter\u00e3o dito adeus<\/q> Rounsevell, M. D. A., et al<\/em>., \u2018A biodiversity target based on species extinctions\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 368 (6496), 2020: 1193\u20135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aba6592<\/a>; Young, H. S., et al<\/em>., \u2018Patterns, causes, and consequences of Anthropocene defaunation\u2019<\/cite>, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics<\/span>, 47, 2016: 333\u201358, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142<\/a>; Ceballos, G., et al<\/em>., \u2018Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines\u2019<\/cite>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span>, 114 (30), 2017: e6089\u2013e6096, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1704949114<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nmuitas derivar\u00e3o da polui\u00e7\u00e3o e da escassez de \u00e1gua<\/q> Cardoso, P., et al<\/em>., \u2018Scientists\u2019 warning to humanity on insect extinctions\u2019<\/cite>, Biological Conservation<\/span>, 242, 2020: Article 108426, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108426<\/a>; Lund., J., et al<\/em>., \u2018Lessons from California\u2019s 2012\u20132016 drought\u2019<\/cite>, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management<\/span>, 144 (10), 2018: Article 04018067, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000984<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nmir\u00edade de outras agress\u00f5es ambientais<\/q> Maier, D. S., \u2018Should biodiversity and nature have to earn their keep? What it really means to bring environmental goods into the marketplace\u2019<\/cite>, Ambio<\/span>, 47 (4), 2018: 477\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs13280-017-0996-5<\/a>; Turvey, S. T., and Crees, J. J., \u2018Extinction in the Anthropocene\u2019<\/cite>, Currents in Biology<\/span>, 29 (19), 2019: R982\u2013R986, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2019.07.040<\/a>; Yanosky, A., \u2018Paraguay\u2019s challenge of conserving natural habitats and biodiversity with global markets demanding for products\u2019<\/cite>, in Raven, P. H., et al<\/em>., eds., Conservation Biology: Voices from the Tropics<\/span> (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2013), 113\u201319, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118679838.ch14<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nOs desafios aqui apresentados s\u00e3o oriundos da agricultura<\/q> Richter, B. D., et al<\/em>., \u2018Water scarcity and fish imperilment driven by beef production\u2019<\/cite>, Nature Sustainability<\/span>, 3 (4), 2020: 319\u201328, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41893-020-0483-z<\/a>; Eshel, G., e Martin, P. A., \u2018Geophysics and nutritional science: toward a novel, unified paradigm\u2019<\/cite>, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition<\/span>, 89 (5), 2009: 1710S\u20131716S, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2009.26736BB<\/a>; Bouwman, L., et al<\/em>., \u2018Exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900\u20132050 period\u2019<\/cite>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span>, 110 (52), 2013: 20882\u20137, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1012878108<\/a>; Eshel, G., et al<\/em>., \u2018Land, irrigation water, greenhouse gas, and reactive nitrogen burdens of meat, eggs, and dairy production in the United States\u2019<\/cite>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span>, 111 (33), 2014: 11996\u201312001, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1402183111<\/a>; Eshel, G., et al<\/em>., \u2018Partitioning United States\u2019 feed consumption among livestock categories for improved environmental cost assessments\u2019<\/cite>, Journal of Agricultural Sciences<\/span>, 153 (3), 2014: 432\u201345, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0021859614000690<\/a>; Eshel, G., \u2018How to prioritize voluntary dietary modification\u2019<\/cite>, Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research<\/span>, 1 (4), 2020: Article 005, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.21926\/aeer.2004005<\/a>; Shepon, A., et al<\/em>., \u2018Energy and protein feed-to-food conversion efficiencies in the US and potential food security gains from dietary changes\u2019<\/cite>, Environmental Research Letters<\/span>, 11 (10), 2016: Article 105002, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/10\/105002<\/a>; Davis, K. F., et al<\/em>., \u2018Meeting future food demand with current agricultural resources\u2019<\/cite>, Global Environmental Change<\/span>, 39, 2016: 125\u201332, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.004<\/a>; Liu, J., et al<\/em>., \u2018Systems integration for global sustainability\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 347 (6225), 2021: Article 1258832, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1258832<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    \nas perdas de solo ar\u00e1vel que amea\u00e7am o fornecimento<\/q> DeLonge, M., e Stillerman, K. P., Eroding the Future: How Soil Loss Threatens Farming and Our Food Supply<\/span><\/cite>, Union of Concerned Scientists, de Dezembro de 2020, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/resrep28410<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \na polui\u00e7\u00e3o aqu\u00e1tica em consequ\u00eancia da eutrofiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/q> Malone, T. C., and Newton, A., \u2018The globalization of cultural eutrophication in the coastal ocean: causes and consequences\u2019<\/cite>, Frontiers in Marine Science<\/span>, 7, 2020: Article 670, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2020.00670<\/a>; Li, Y., et al<\/em>., \u2018The role of freshwater eutrophication in greenhouse gas emissions: a review\u2019<\/cite>, Science of the Total Environment<\/span>, 768, 2021: Article 144582, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144582<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nconsumo excessivo das fontes de \u00e1gua pot\u00e1vel<\/q> Gleick, P. H., and Cooley, H., \u2018Freshwater scarcity\u2019<\/cite>, Annual Review of Environmental Resources<\/span>, 46, 2021: 319\u201348, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-environ-012220-101319<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nas dietas individuais dependem, em parte, das pol\u00edticas governamentais<\/q> Nestle, M., Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health<\/span><\/cite> (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007); Gressier, M., et al<\/em>., \u2018Healthy foods and healthy diets: how government policies can steer food reformulation\u2019<\/cite>, Nutrients<\/span>, 12 (7), 2020: Article 1992, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fnu12071992<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nimaginemos a ingest\u00e3o de um hamb\u00farguer como padr\u00e3o de refer\u00eancia<\/q> Poore, J., and Nemecek, T., \u2018Reducing food\u2019s environmental impacts through producers and consumers\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 360 (6392), 2018: 987\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaq0216<\/a>; Pelletier, N., et al<\/em>., \u2018Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of three beef production strategies in the Upper Midwestern United States\u2019<\/cite>, Agricultural Systems<\/span>, 103 (6), 2010: 380\u201389, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agsy.2010.03.009<\/a>; Eshel et al<\/em>., \u2018Land, irrigation water\u2019<\/cite>; Eshel et al<\/em>., \u2018Partitioning United States\u2019 feed consumption\u2019<\/cite>.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    \nEsta transi\u00e7\u00e3o diet\u00e9tica tamb\u00e9m acarreta v\u00e1rios benef\u00edcios nutricionais relevantes<\/q> Pan, A., et al<\/em>., \u2018Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies\u2019<\/cite>, Archives of Internal Medicine<\/span>, 172 (7), 2012: 555\u201363, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.2287<\/a>; Abete, I., et al<\/em>., \u2018Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies\u2019<\/cite>, British Journal of Nutrition<\/span>, 112 (5), 2014: 762\u201375, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S000711451400124X<\/a>; Jahn, J. L., et al<\/em>., \u2018Food, health and the environment: a global grand challenge and some solutions\u2019<\/cite>, Daedalus<\/span>, 144 (4), 2015: 31\u201344, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/DAED_a_00352<\/a>; Satija, A., et al<\/em>., \u2018Plant-based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women: results from three prospective cohort studies\u2019<\/cite>, PLOS Medicine<\/span>, 13 (6), 2016: Article e1002039, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002039<\/a>; Springmann, M., et al<\/em>., \u2018Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits\u2019<\/cite>, Nature<\/span>, 562 (7728), 2018: 519\u201325, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0594-0<\/a>; Heller, M. C., Keoleian, G. A., and Willett, W. C., \u2018Toward a life cycle-based, diet-level framework for food environmental impact and nutritional quality assessment: a critical review\u2019<\/cite>, Environmental Science and Technology<\/span>, 47 (22), 2013: 12632\u201347, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es4025113<\/a>; Willett, W., et al<\/em>., \u2018Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT\u2013Lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems\u2019<\/cite>, Lancet<\/span>, 393 (10170), 2019: 447\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4<\/a>\n<\/p>\n

    \n350 milh\u00f5es de toneladas de CO2<\/sub>eq por ano<\/q> Eshel, G., et al<\/em>., \u2018Environmentally optimal, nutritionally sound, protein and energy conserving plant based alternatives to U.S. meat\u2019<\/cite>, Scientific Reports<\/span>, 9, 2019: Article 10345, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-46590-1<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nultrapassa os 90% das emiss\u00f5es totais do sector residencial dos Estados Unidos<\/q> United States Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990\u20132019<\/span><\/cite>, de Abril de 2021, https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2019<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Gideon Eshel Todas as fontes online foram acedidas no dia 28 de Fevereiro de 2022 devido \u00e0 onda de calor abafado National Centers for Environmental Information, \u2018de Novembro de 2021 National Climate Report\u2019, 2021, https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/access\/monitoring\/monthly-report\/national\/202111; Cappucci, M., and Samenow, J., \u2018Fall on hold: forecasters predict long-lasting warm temperatures in eastern U.S.\u2019, Washington Post, 6 de…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":1050,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-essay.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1056","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1056","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1056"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1056\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1050"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1056"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}