{"id":298,"date":"2022-09-08T14:11:23","date_gmt":"2022-09-08T14:11:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/?page_id=298"},"modified":"2022-11-01T12:58:54","modified_gmt":"2022-11-01T12:58:54","slug":"4-12-the-calorie-question","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/endnotes\/what-weve-done-about-it\/4-12-the-calorie-question\/","title":{"rendered":"4.12 The Calorie Question"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Michael Clark<\/a><\/p>\n

All online sources accessed on

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  1. \n

    \nThey produce 30 per cent of all greenhouse gas emissions<\/q> Crippa, M., et al., \u2018Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions\u2019<\/cite>, Nature Food<\/span>, 2 (3), 2021: 198\u2013209, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43016-021-00225-9<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \noccupy 40 per cent of Earth\u2019s land surface<\/q> Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, \u2018Food and agriculture data\u2019<\/cite>, FAOSTAT, 2019, https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/RL<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nuse at least 70 per cent of Earth\u2019s fresh water<\/q> Molden, D., ed., Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture<\/span><\/cite> (London and Colombo: Earthscan and the International Water Management Institute, 2007).\n<\/p>\n

    \nthe leading driver of biodiversity loss and nutrient pollution<\/q> Tilman D., et al., \u2018Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention\u2019<\/cite>, Nature<\/span>, 546 (7656), 2017: 73\u201381, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature22900<\/a>; Vitousek, P. M., et al., \u2018Human domination of Earth\u2019s ecosystems\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 277 (5325), 1997: 494\u20139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.277.5325.494<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    \na major source of poor health and nutrition<\/q> Afshin, A., et al., \u2018Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017\u2019<\/cite>, Lancet<\/span>, 393 (10184), 2019: 1958\u201372, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8<\/a>; Domingo, N. G. G., et al., \u2018Air quality-related health damages of food\u2019<\/cite>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span>, 118 (20), 2021: Article e2013637118, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2013637118<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nThe environmental impact of individual foods varies considerably<\/q> Poore, J., and Nemecek, T., \u2018Reducing food\u2019s environmental impacts through producers and consumers\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 360 (6392), 2018: 987\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaq0216<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    \nevidence across nearly 40,000 farms<\/q> Ibid.\n<\/p>\n

    \ndiets are transitioning to include more food<\/q> Tilman, D., et al., \u2018Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture\u2019<\/cite>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span>, 108 (50), 2011: 20260\u201364, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1116437108<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \naverage consumption per person per day has increased<\/q> Clark, M., et al., \u2018The role of healthy diets in environmentally sustainable food systems\u2019<\/cite>, Food Nutrition Bulletin<\/span>, 41 (2) supplement, 2020: S31\u2013S58, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0379572120953734<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nwealthy nations bear the largest responsibility<\/q> Springmann, M., et al., \u2018Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits\u2019<\/cite>, Nature<\/span>, 562 (7728), 2018: 519\u201325, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0594-0<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    \nfood systems will surpass environmental sustainability targets<\/q> Ibid.; Clark, M. A., et al., \u2018Global food system emissions could preclude achieving the 1.5\u00b0C and 2\u00b0C climate change targets\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 370 (6517), 2020: 705\u20138, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aba7357<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nwe will pass 1.5\u00b0C of warming<\/q> Clark et al., \u2018Global food system emissions\u2019<\/cite>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nThe additional land needed to meet future food production<\/q> Williams, D. R., et al., \u2018Proactive conservation to prevent habitat losses to agricultural expansion\u2019<\/cite>, Nature Sustainability<\/span>, 4 (4), 2021: 314\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41893-020-00656-5<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \na more plant-based diet \u2026 50\u201370 per cent<\/q> Springmann et al., \u2018Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits\u2019<\/cite>; Clark et al., \u2018Global food system emissions\u2019<\/cite>; Willett, W., et al., \u2018Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT\u2013Lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems\u2019<\/cite>, Lancet<\/span>, 393 (10170), 2019: 447\u201392, https:\/\/doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4<\/a>; Tilman, D., and Clark, M., \u2018Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health\u2019<\/cite>, Nature<\/span> 515, (7528), 2014: 518\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13959<\/a>; Springmann, M., et al., \u2018Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change\u2019<\/cite>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span>, 113 (15), 2016: 4146\u201351, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1523119113<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    \nbenefits to other aspects of the environment<\/q> Springmann et al., \u2018Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits\u2019<\/cite>.\n<\/p>\n

    \na third of all food produced is not consumed<\/q> Gustavsson, J., et al., Global Food Losses and Food Waste: Extent, Causes and Prevention<\/span><\/cite>, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011, https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/mb060e\/mb060e00.htm<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nunlikely that we will meet the 1.5\u00b0C climate target<\/q> Springmann et al., \u2018Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits\u2019<\/cite>; Clark, M. A., et al., \u2018Global food system emissions\u2019<\/cite>; Lecl\u00e8re, D., et al., \u2018Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy\u2019<\/cite>, Nature<\/span>, 585 (7826), 2020: 551\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2705-y<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nthe most environmentally sustainable foods are among the healthiest<\/q> Clark, M., et al., \u2018Multiple health and environmental impacts of foods\u2019<\/cite>, Proceedings of the National Sciences<\/span>, 116 (46), 2019: 23357\u201362, https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/116\/46\/23357<\/a>; van Dooren, C., et al., \u2018Proposing a novel index reflecting both climate impact and nutritional impact of food products\u2019<\/cite>, Ecological Economics<\/span>, 131, 2017: 389\u201398, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2016.08.029<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

    \nreduce global premature mortality by 10 per cent<\/q> Springmann, M., et al., \u2018Health and nutritional aspects of sustainable diet strategies and their association with environmental impacts: a global modelling analysis with country-level detail\u2019<\/cite>, Lancet Planetary Health<\/span>, 2 (10), 2018: e451\u2013e461, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30206-7<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Michael Clark All online sources accessed on 4 March 2022 They produce 30 per cent of all greenhouse gas emissions Crippa, M., et al., \u2018Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions\u2019, Nature Food, 2 (3), 2021: 198\u2013209, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43016-021-00225-9. occupy 40 per cent of Earth\u2019s land surface Food and Agriculture Organization…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":148,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-essay.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-298","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/298","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=298"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/298\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/148"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=298"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}