{"id":188,"date":"2022-08-25T13:45:59","date_gmt":"2022-08-25T13:45:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/?page_id=188"},"modified":"2022-11-01T12:58:50","modified_gmt":"2022-11-01T12:58:50","slug":"2-17-the-amazon","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/endnotes\/how-our-planet-is-changing\/2-17-the-amazon\/","title":{"rendered":"2.17 The Amazon"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Carlos Nobre<\/a>, Julia Arieira<\/a> and Nath\u00e1lia Nascimento<\/a><\/p>\n

All online sources accessed on

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  1. \n

    16 per cent of the carbon dioxide removed<\/q> Beer, C., et al., \u2018Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 329 (5993), 2010: 834\u20138, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1184984<\/a>; Bullock, E. L., et al., \u2018Satellite\u2010based estimates reveal widespread forest degradation in the Amazon\u2019<\/cite>, Global Change Biology<\/span>, 26 (5), 2020: 2956\u201369, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.15029<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    helping store 150\u2013200 billion tonnes of carbon<\/q> Saatchi, S. S., et al., \u2018Distribution of above-ground live biomass in the Amazon basin\u2019<\/cite>, Global Change Biology<\/span>, 13 (4), 2007: 816\u201337, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01323.x<\/a>; Malhi, Y., et al., \u2018Comprehensive assessment of carbon productivity, allocation and storage in three Amazonian forests\u2019<\/cite>, Global Change Biology<\/span>, 15 (5), 2009: 1255\u201374, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01780.x<\/a>; Oliveira Marques, J. D. de, et al., \u2018Soil carbon stocks under Amazonian forest: distribution in the soil fractions and vulnerability to emission\u2019<\/cite>, Open Journal of Forestry<\/span>, 7 (2), 2017: 121\u201342, doi: 10.4236\/ojf.2017.72008.<\/p>\n

    The temperature \u2026 has increased by an average of 1.02\u00b0C<\/q> Gatti, L. V., et al., \u2018Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change\u2019<\/cite>, Nature<\/span>, 595 (7867), 2021: 388\u201393, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03629-6<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    2019\u201320 was the second-warmest year since 1960<\/q> Marengo, J. A., et al., \u2018Changes in climate and land use over the Amazon region: current and future variability and trends\u2019<\/cite>, Frontiers in Earth Science<\/span>, 6, 2018: Article 228, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2018.00228<\/a>; Nobre, C. A., and Borma, L. D. S., \u2018\u201cTipping points\u201d for the Amazon forest\u2019<\/cite>, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability<\/span>, 1 (1), 2009: 28\u201336, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cosust.2009.07.003<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Climate variability has also increased \u2026 droughts and heatwaves<\/q> Nobre, C. A., et al., \u2018Land-use and climate change risks in the Amazon and the need of a novel sustainable development paradigm\u2019<\/cite>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span>, 113 (39), 2016: 10759\u201368, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1605516113<\/a>; Marengo et al., \u2018Changes in climate and land use over the Amazon region: current and future variability and trends\u2019<\/cite>; Nobre and Borma, \u2018\u201cTipping points\u201d for the Amazon forest\u2019<\/cite>.<\/p>\n

    current concentration is 414 ppm<\/q> Global Monitoring Laboratory, \u2018Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide\u2019<\/cite>, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2021, https:\/\/gml.noaa.gov\/ccgg\/trends\/global.html<\/a>; Ellwanger, J. H., et al., \u2018Beyond diversity loss and climate change: impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health\u2019<\/cite>, Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci\u00eancias<\/span>, 92, 2020: Article 20191375, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0001-3765202020191375<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    more than 150 days \u2026 above 35\u00b0C per year<\/q> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<\/span>, ed. V. Masson-Delmotte et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press), doi: 10.1017\/9781009157896.001. <\/cite><\/p>\n

    strongly linked to the construction of roads<\/q> National Institute of Space Research, TerraBrasilis, http:\/\/terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br\/app\/map\/deforestation<\/a>; Beer et al., \u2018Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate\u2019<\/cite>; Bullock et al., \u2018Satellite\u2010based estimates reveal widespread forest degradation in the Amazon\u2019<\/cite>.<\/p>\n

    a 40 per cent reduction in precipitation<\/q> Nobre et al., \u2018Land-use and climate change risks\u2019<\/cite>; Leite-Filho, A. T., et al., \u2018Effects of deforestation on the onset of the rainy season and the duration of dry spells in Southern Amazonia\u2019<\/cite>, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres<\/span>, 124, 2019: 5268\u201381, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018JD029537<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    a further rise in tree mortality and carbon emissions<\/q> Malhi et al., \u2018Comprehensive assessment of carbon productivity, allocation and storage in three Amazonian forests\u2019<\/cite>.<\/p>\n

    2.5 billion trees perished<\/q> Science Panel for the Amazon, Executive Summary of the Amazon Assessment Report 2021<\/span><\/cite>, ed. C. Nobre et al., United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2001, https:\/\/www.theamazonwewant.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/220717-SPA-Executive-Summary-2021-EN.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    a proliferation of grasses and woody plants<\/q> Nobre, C. A., et al., \u2018Amazonian deforestation and regional climate change\u2019<\/cite>, Journal of Climate<\/span>, 4 (10), 1991: 957\u201388, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0442(1991)004<0957:ADARCC>2.0.CO;2<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    altered seasonal leaf flushing<\/q> Camargo, M. G. G. de, et al., \u2018Leafing patterns and leaf exchange strategies of a cerrado woody community\u2019<\/cite>, Biotropica<\/span>, 50 (3), 2018: 442\u201354, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/btp.12552<\/a>; Cammelli, F., et al., \u2018Smallholders\u2019 perceptions of fire in the Brazilian Amazon: exploring implications for governance arrangements\u2019<\/cite>, Human Ecology<\/span>, 47 (4), 2019: 601\u201312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10745-019-00096-6<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    new post-fire resprouting strategies<\/q> Pilon, N. A. L., et al., \u2018The diversity of post-fire regeneration strategies in the cerrado ground layer\u2019<\/cite>, Journal of Ecology<\/span>, 109 (1), 2021: 154\u201366, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2745.13456<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    once deforestation affects 40 per cent<\/q> Nobre et al., \u2018Land-use and climate change risks\u2019<\/cite>; Sampaio, G., et al., \u2018Regional climate change over eastern Amazonia caused by pasture and soybean cropland expansion\u2019<\/cite>, Geophysical Research Letters<\/span>, 34 (17), 2007: Article L17709, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007GL030612<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    up to 60 per cent \u2026 could disappear by 2050<\/q> Nobre et al., \u2018Land-use and climate change risks\u2019<\/cite>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    a \u2018green barrier\u2019 against the spread of infectious disease<\/q> Global Monitoring Laboratory, \u2018Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide\u2019<\/cite>; Ellwanger et al., \u2018Beyond diversity loss and climate change\u2019<\/cite>; Flores, B. M., and Levis, C., \u2018Human-food feedback in tropical forests\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 372 (6547), 2021: 1146\u20137, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abh1806<\/a>;
    \n\tSokolow, S. H., Nova, N., Pepin, K. M., Peel, A. J., Pulliam, J. R. C., Manlove, K., Cross, P. C., Becker, D. J., Plowright, R. K., McCallum, H., & de Leo, G. A. (2019), \u2018Ecological interventions to prevent and manage zoonotic pathogen spillover\u2019<\/cite>, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 374(1782). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/RSTB.2018.0342<\/p>\n

    devastating impacts on biodiversity<\/q> Laurindo, R. S., et al., \u2018The effects of habitat loss on bat-fruit networks\u2019<\/cite>, Biodiversity and Conservation<\/span>, 28 (3), 2019: 589\u2013601, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-018-1676-x<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    mostly in deforested areas<\/q> Leite-Filho et al., \u2018Effects of deforestation\u2019<\/cite>.<\/p>\n

    2\u20133\u00b0C warmer<\/q> Gatti et al., \u2018Amazonia as a carbon source\u2019<\/cite>.<\/p>\n

    a marked reduction of evapotranspiration<\/q> Barkhordarian, A., et al., \u2018A recent systematic increase in vapor pressure deficit over tropical South America\u2019<\/cite>, Science Reports<\/span>, 9, 2019: Article 15331, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-51857-8<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    emit more carbon than they were storing<\/q> Gatti et al., \u2018Amazonia as a carbon source\u2019<\/cite>.<\/p>\n

    a carbon source instead of a carbon sink<\/q> Ibid.<\/p>\n

    transformed into a degraded savannah<\/q> Nobre et al., \u2018Land-use and climate change risks\u2019<\/cite>.<\/p>\n

    posing a direct mortal threat<\/q> Alves de Oliveira, B. F., et al., \u2018Deforestation and climate change are projected to increase heat stress risk in the Brazilian Amazon\u2019<\/cite>, Communications Earth and Environment<\/span>, 2, 2021: Article 207, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43247-021-00275-8<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Carlos Nobre, Julia Arieira and Nath\u00e1lia Nascimento All online sources accessed on 30 September 2021 16 per cent of the carbon dioxide removed Beer, C., et al., \u2018Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate\u2019, Science, 329 (5993), 2010: 834\u20138, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1184984; Bullock, E. L., et al., \u2018Satellite\u2010based estimates reveal widespread forest degradation…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":18,"menu_order":17,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-essay.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-188","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/188","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=188"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/188\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=188"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}