{"id":178,"date":"2022-08-24T16:57:28","date_gmt":"2022-08-24T16:57:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/?page_id=178"},"modified":"2022-11-01T12:58:49","modified_gmt":"2022-11-01T12:58:49","slug":"2-13-microplastics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/endnotes\/how-our-planet-is-changing\/2-13-microplastics\/","title":{"rendered":"2.13 Microplastics"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Karin Kvale<\/a><\/p>\n

All online sources accessed on

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  1. \n

    are accumulating in the atmosphere<\/q> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment<\/span><\/cite>, ed. J. T. Houghton et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar1\/wg1\/<\/a>; Stubbins, A., et al., \u2018Plastics in the Earth system\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 373 (6550), 2021: 51\u20135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abb0354<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    are accumulating in the \u2026 ocean<\/q> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<\/span><\/cite>, ed. J. T. Houghton et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar2\/wg1\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Fifteen to 40 per cent of mismanaged plastic waste<\/q> Jambeck, J. R., et al., \u2018Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 347 (6223), 2015: 768\u201371, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1260352<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Repeated sampling along beaches and in the open ocean<\/q> Galgani, F., et al., \u2018Are litter, plastic and microplastic quantities increasing in the ocean?\u2019<\/cite>, Microplastics Nanoplastics<\/span>, 1, 2021: Article 2, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43591-020-00002-8<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    simple budget calculations indicate<\/q> Eriksen, M., et al., \u2018Plastic pollution in the South Pacific subtropical gyre\u2019<\/cite>, Marine Pollution Bulletin<\/span>, 68 (1\u20132), 2013: 71\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.12.021<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    In recent years these tiny plastics have been found<\/q> Peng, X., et al., \u2018Microplastics contaminate the deepest part of the world\u2019s ocean\u2019<\/cite>, Geochemical Perspectives Letters<\/span>, 9, 2018: 1\u20135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7185\/geochemlet.1829<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    in offshore sediments along the continental shelf<\/q> Filgueiras, A. V., et al., \u2018Microplastic distribution in surface sediments along the Spanish Mediterranean continental shelf\u2019<\/cite>, Environmental Science and Pollution Research<\/span>, 26 (21), 2019: 21264\u201373, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-05341-5<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    just below the ocean\u2019s surface, where light does not penetrate<\/q> Choy, C. A., et al., \u2018The vertical distribution and biological transport of marine microplastics across the Epipelagic and Mesopelagic water column\u2019<\/cite>, Scientific Reports<\/span>, 9, 2019: Article 7843, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-44117-2<\/a>; Pabortsava, K., and Lampitt, R. S., \u2018High concentrations of plastic hidden beneath the surface of the Atlantic Ocean\u2019<\/cite>, Nature Communications<\/span>, 11, 2020: Article 4073, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-17932-9<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    high concentrations around the Arctic Ocean<\/q> Ross, P. S., et al., \u2018Pervasive distribution of polyester fibres in the Arctic Ocean is driven by Atlantic inputs\u2019<\/cite>, Nature Communications<\/span>, 12, 2021: Article 106, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-20347-1<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    their legs ensnared in microplastic fibres<\/q> Kang, J. H., et al., \u2018Can zooplankton be entangled by microfibers in the marine environment? Laboratory studies\u2019<\/cite>, Water<\/span>, 12 (12), 2020: Article 3302, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w12123302<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    they fill their stomachs with microbeads<\/q> Cole, M., et al., \u2018The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus\u2019<\/cite>, Environmental Science and Technology<\/span>, 49 (2), 2015: 1130\u201337, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es504525u<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    coated with pathogenic bacteria and toxins<\/q> Galloway, T. S., et al., \u2018Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem\u2019<\/cite>, Nature Ecology and Evolution<\/span>, 1 (5), 2017: Article 0116, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-017-0116<\/a>,<\/p>\n

    still uncertain if the net effect is warming or cooling<\/q> Revell, L. E., et al., \u2018Direct radiative effects of airborne microplastics\u2019<\/cite>, Nature<\/span>, 598 (7881), 2021: 462\u20137, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03864-x<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    a significant source of atmospheric microplastic<\/q> Allen, S., et al., \u2018Examination of the ocean as a source for atmospheric microplastics\u2019<\/cite>, PLOS One<\/span>, 15 (5), 2020: Article e0232746, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232746<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    potentially as disruptive \u2026 as global warming<\/q> Kvale, K., et al., \u2018Zooplankton grazing of microplastic can accelerate global loss of ocean oxygen\u2019<\/cite>, Nature Communications<\/span>, 12, 2021: Article 2358, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-22554-w<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    a disproportionately large influence on planetary function<\/q> Zhu, X., \u2018The plastic cycle \u2013 an unknown branch of the carbon cycle\u2019<\/cite>, Frontiers in Marine Science<\/span>, 7, 2021: Article 609243, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2020.609243<\/a><\/p>\n

    The \u2026 problem looks set to intensify<\/q> https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421521002883<\/a><\/p>\n

    both leaky and incapable of recycling<\/q> Jambeck, J. R., et al., \u2018Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean\u2019<\/cite>, Science<\/span>, 347 (6223), 2015: 768\u201371, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1260352<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    the phenomenon of \u2018aspirational recycling\u2019<\/q> Albeck-Ripka, L., \u20186 things you\u2019re recycling wrong\u2019<\/cite>, New York Times<\/span>, 29 May 2018, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/05\/29\/climate\/recycling-wrong-mistakes.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    lack of accountability in multinational waste export systems<\/q> McCormick, E., et al., \u2018Where does your plastic go? Global investigation reveals America\u2019s dirty secret\u2019<\/cite>, Guardian<\/span>, 7 June 2019, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2019\/jun\/17\/recycled-plastic-america-global-crisis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Karin Kvale All online sources accessed on 6 November 2021 are accumulating in the atmosphere Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, ed. J. T. Houghton et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar1\/wg1\/; Stubbins, A., et al., \u2018Plastics in the Earth system\u2019, Science, 373 (6550), 2021: 51\u20135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abb0354. are accumulating…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":18,"menu_order":13,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-essay.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-178","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=178"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/178\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theclimatebook.org\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}